命令行自动化与pexpect
简介
Pexpect 是一个用来启动交互式命令行子程序并对其进行自动控制的 Python 工具模块。 Pexpect 可以用来和像 ssh、ftp、passwd、telnet 等命令行程序进行自动交互。可广泛用于自动化运维和测试,实现同时控制多台设备和自动化。Linux中的知名装包软件就使用了Pexpect。 Pexpect在IBM,alibaba,google等公司有广泛使用,在https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pexpect 的日下载量一万左右。
纯python实现,依赖pty模块(不支持Windows)。
最新英文版文档参见:http://pexpect.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
安装:
版本要求:Python 2.6、3.2 或以上
快速入门
ssh登录是常用的操作,过程如下:
# ssh test@172.17.100.18test@172.17.100.18's password: Last login: Tue Mar 15 17:53:01 2016 from 172.17.100.19
下面我们用pexpect来自动实现这个过程:
#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-import pexpectchild = pexpect.spawn('ssh test@172.17.100.18')child.expect('password: ') # 等待password:字符出现print(child.before + child.after) # 输出password:前后的字符child.sendline('123456') # 发送密码child.expect(']\$') # 等待]$字符出现print(child.before + child.after)child.interact() # 把ssh的连接交给用户控制。
上面最后一句在非交互式的情况下要关闭连接,用child.close()替换即可。
上 述操作除了interact外,都可以用python的ssh模块:paramiko代替。不过对于一些同时支持telenet、ftp、ssh等协议命 令行的通信设备,可以用pexpect通杀。telenet、ftp、ssh等从协议的层次联系,pexpect会更接近用户使用,更加适合自动化测试。
两个重要方法: expect()和send() (以及sendline() )。expect可以接受正则表达式作为参数。
before包含预期字符串之前的信息, after包含匹配模式及其以后的内容。
批量操作多台服务器
功能:实现同时对多台linux服务器通过ssh执行同一命令。
技术基础: python pexpect,不支持windows。
参数:
固定参数pwd:远程服务器密码,用户名目前写死是root,可自行修改。
可选参数-c CMDS:要执行的命令,比如:”ls -l”,”cd /home/test && test.py&如果不选择,会从当前目前的cmd.txt读取。
可选参数-s SERVERS:目标服务器,比如192.168.0.1,最后一位数可以用-表示一个区间,分号用于分割不同的ip。如果不选择,会从当前目前的ip.txt读取。
库文件:common.py
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# Author: Rongzhong Xu# CreateDate: 2014-05-06import osimport pexpectclass Ssh(object): client = None @classmethod def connect(cls, ip, username="root", password="123456", prompt=']#', silent=False): # Ssh to remote server ssh_newkey = 'Are you sure you want to continue connecting' child = pexpect.spawn('ssh ' + username + '@' + ip, maxread=5000) i = 1 # Enter password while i != 0: i = child.expect([prompt, 'assword:*', ssh_newkey, pexpect.TIMEOUT, 'key.*? failed']) if not silent: print(child.before, child.after) if i == 0: # find prompt pass elif i == 1: # Enter password child.send(password + "\r") if i == 2: # SSH does not have the public key. Just accept it. child.sendline('yes\r') if i == 3: # Timeout raise Exception('ERROR TIMEOUT! SSH could not login. ') if i == 4: # new key print(child.before, child.after) os.remove(os.path.expanduser('~') + '/.ssh/known_hosts') Ssh.client = child @classmethod def command(cls, cmd, prompt=']#', silent=False): Ssh.client.buffer = '' Ssh.client.send(cmd + "\r") # Ssh.client.setwinsize(400,400) Ssh.client.expect(prompt) if not silent: print(Ssh.client.before, Ssh.client.after) return Ssh.client.before, Ssh.client.after def close(cls,): Ssh.client.close()
主脚本batch.py :
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# Author: Rongzhong Xu# CreateDate: 2014-05-06import argparseimport commonimport argparseparser = argparse.ArgumentParser()parser.add_argument('pwd', action="store",help=u'password')parser.add_argument('-c', dest='cmds', action="store", help=u'command')parser.add_argument('-s', dest='servers', action="store", help=u'hosts')parser.add_argument('--version', action='version', version='%(prog)s 1.1 Rongzhong xu 2014 05 08')options = parser.parse_args()servers = []if options.servers: raw_server = options.servers.split(';') # ips' decollator is semicolon for server in raw_server: if '-' in server: # - means continuous ips server_list = server.split('.') base = '.'.join(server_list[:3]) indices = server_list[-1].split('-') start, end = indices for item in range(int(start),int(end)+1): servers.append('{0}.{1}'.format(base,item)) else: servers.append(server)else: for item in open('ip.txt'): servers.append(item)cmds = []if options.cmds: cmds.append(options.cmds)else: for item in open('cmd.txt'): servers.append(item)for host in servers: print() print("*"*80) print("\nConnect to host: {0}".format(host)) c = common.Ssh() c.connect(host,'root',options.pwd) for item in cmds: c.command(item) c.close()
执行演示:
# ./batch.py -husage: batch.py [-h] [-c CMDS] [-s SERVERS] [--version] pwdpositional arguments: pwd password optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -c CMDS command -s SERVERS hosts --version show program's version number and exit # ./batch.py password -s "192.168.0.71-76;123.1.149.26" -c "cat /etc/redhat-release" ******************************************************************************** Connect to host: 192.168.0.71Last login: Thu May 8 17:04:02 2014 from 183.14.8.49[root@localhost ~ ]# cat /etc/redhat-releaseCentOS release 5.8 (Final)[root@localhost ~ ]#******************************************************************************** Connect to host: 192.168.0.72Last login: Thu May 8 17:03:05 2014 from 192.168.0.232[root@localhost ~ ]# cat /etc/redhat-releaseCentOS release 5.8 (Final)[root@localhost ~ ]#******************************************************************************** Connect to host: 192.168.0.73Last login: Thu May 8 17:02:29 2014 from 192.168.0.232[root@localhost ~ ]# cat /etc/redhat-releaseCentOS release 5.8 (Final)[root@localhost ~ ]#******************************************************************************** Connect to host: 192.168.0.74Last login: Thu May 8 17:02:32 2014 from 192.168.0.232[root@localhost ~ ]# cat /etc/redhat-releaseCentOS release 5.8 (Final)[root@localhost ~ ]#******************************************************************************** Connect to host: 192.168.0.75root@192.168.0.75's p assword: Last login: Thu May 8 17:02:56 2014 from 192.168.0.232[root@localhost ~ ]# cat /etc/redhat-releaseCentOS release 6.4 (Final)[root@localhost ~ ]#******************************************************************************** Connect to host: 192.168.0.76Last login: Thu May 8 17:03:00 2014 from 192.168.0.232[root@localhost ~ ]# cat /etc/redhat-releaseCentOS release 5.8 (Final)[root@localhost ~ ]#******************************************************************************** Connect to host: 123.1.149.26Last login: Thu May 8 16:46:56 2014 from 183.56.157.199[root@LINUX ~ ]# cat /etc/redhat-releaseRed Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.5 (Santiago)[root@LINUX ~ ]#[root@AutoTest batch]#
其他命令自动化工具
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Fabric/ python远程执行与部署库,运维的最爱。
https://fedorahosted.org/func/
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyserial/
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/paramiko/1.16.0
https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html
https://pypi.python.org/pypi/sh
API概览
EOF与TIMEOUT
EOF(End Of File)与TIMEOUT可以在expect方法中使用,它们不是正则表达式,而是常量。
源于异常,而不是BaseException例外。从BaseException直接继承的例外情况赶上他们几乎总是错误的做法保留。
如果子进程已经退出,读取子进程的输出会引发EOF异常。此时子进程的输出全部在before中。
expect()接受的参数是正则表达式或正则表达式列表,可匹配多个可选的响应。比如ssh登录的各种情况处理:
class Ssh(object): client = None @classmethod def connect(cls, ip, username="root", password="123456", prompt=']#', silent=False): # Ssh to remote server ssh_newkey = 'Are you sure you want to continue connecting' child = pexpect.spawn('ssh ' + username + '@' + ip, maxread=5000) i = 1 # Enter password while i != 0: i = child.expect([prompt, 'assword:*', ssh_newkey, pexpect.TIMEOUT, 'key.*? failed']) if not silent: print(child.before + child.after) if i == 0: # find prompt pass elif i == 1: # Enter password child.send(password + "\r") if i == 2: # SSH does not have the public key. Just accept it. child.sendline('yes\r') if i == 3: # Timeout raise Exception('ERROR TIMEOUT! SSH could not login. ') if i == 4: # new key print(child.before, child.after) os.remove(os.path.expanduser('~') + '/.ssh/known_hosts') Ssh.client = child @classmethod def command(cls, cmd, prompt=']#', silent=False): Ssh.client.buffer = '' Ssh.client.send(cmd + "\r") # Ssh.client.setwinsize(400,400) Ssh.client.expect(prompt) if not silent: print(Ssh.client.before + Ssh.client.after) return Ssh.client.before, Ssh.client.after @classmethod def close(cls,): Ssh.client.close()
expect()的超时默认为30秒,超时时生成TIMEOUT异常。可以修改:
# Wait no more than 2 minutes (120 seconds) for password prompt.child.expect('password:', timeout=120)
行尾处理
Pexpect匹配的正则表达式与标准的有些差异,默认是非贪婪匹配。Pexpect一次读取一个字符读,这样行尾标识$失去了意义。行尾用”\r\n”(CR/LF)表示。Pexpect中的”\n”实际对应”\r\n”。匹配行尾的操作如下:
child.expect('\r\n')
尽量用:
child.expect ('.+')
而不是:
child.expect ('.*')
API文档
pexpect.screen和pexpect.ANSI在版本4已经不推荐使用,建议用pyte替代。
class spawn
def __init__(self, command, args=[], timeout=30, maxread=2000, searchwindowsize=None, logfile=None, cwd=None, env=None, ignore_sighup=True):
调用示例:
child = pexpect.spawn('/usr/bin/ftp')child = pexpect.spawn('/usr/bin/ssh user@example.com')child = pexpect.spawn('ls -latr /tmp')child = pexpect.spawn('/usr/bin/ftp', [])child = pexpect.spawn('/usr/bin/ssh', ['user@example.com'])child = pexpect.spawn('ls', ['-latr', '/tmp'])
pexpect不能解释shell元字符,比如 (>, |, or *),需要启动shell来解决该问题:
child = pexpect.spawn('/bin/bash -c "ls -l | grep LOG > logs.txt"')child.expect(pexpect.EOF)
日志输出:
child = pexpect.spawn('some_command')fout = open('mylog.txt','wb')child.logfile = fout
输出到stdout
# In Python 2:child = pexpect.spawn('some_command')child.logfile = sys.stdout# In Python 3, spawnu should be used to give str to stdout:child = pexpect.spawnu('some_command')child.logfile = sys.stdout
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